Key transmission routes include :



• Aerosol-mediated transmission

This can happen occasionally, particularly in enclosed environments where close proximity to infected animals increases risk.



• Fomites



Some zoonotic agents can persist on surfaces, leading to transmission through contaminated objects, with the likelihood of spread depending on how long the organism survives in the environment.



• Foodborne transmission



Certain zoonotic pathogens can infect large populations through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Common sources include undercooked meat, seafood, unpasteurized milk and dairy products, as well as contaminated vegetables.



• Insect vectors



Insects can play a vital role in the transmission of specific zoonotic organisms, acting as biological or mechanical vectors.



Understanding these pathways is essential for developing strategies to mitigate risks associated with zoonotic diseases.